Types of Neurofeedback
There are several types of neurofeedback:
- Traditional 1, 2, 4+ channel power training
- Z-Score neurofeedback
- Connectivity and coherence training
- Infra-Low neurofeedback
- Infra-Slow neurofeedback
- Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
- Haemoencaphalography (HEG).
Some equipment that has been developed and placed under the neurofeedback umbrella does not employ classic neurofeedback interventions such as those listed above. For example, systems that deliver low-level electrical currents into the brain.
Adjunctive Neuroregulation Strategies include but are not limited to (heart rate variability, photo-bio modulation, transcranial electrical stimulation (CES), pulse electromagnetic frequency (pEMF), vagus nerve stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), etc.
ISNR encourages all newcomers to the field to start with the basics of learning simpler models such as traditional 1, 2, and 4 channel power neurofeedback training before advancing to newer or more advanced types of neurofeedback training and protocols.
There are a growing number of manufacturers of neurofeedback equipment. However, not all equipment is the same and not all equipment performs the same functions nor provides the same “types” of neurofeedback (see list of equipment manufacturers).
There are professional grade devices developed, marketed, and aimed at the professional provider of services. The majority of these devices are high quality and offer the prospective clinician many options of training and associated costs.
There are prosumer and consumer grade devices developed, marketed and aimed for the public to buy over the counter and implement on their own. These devices are typically limited in functionality and flexibility and may utilize proprietary or confidential training metrics.
The FDA States:
Sec. 882.5050 Biofeedback device.
(a) Identification. A biofeedback device is an instrument that provides a visual or auditory signal corresponding to the status of one or more of a patient’s physiological parameters (e.g., brain alpha wave activity, muscle activity, skin temperature, etc.) so that the patient can control voluntarily these physiological parameters.
(b) Classification. Class II (special controls). The device is exempt from the premarket notification procedures in subpart E of part 807 of this chapter when it is a prescription battery powered device that is indicated for relaxation training and muscle reeducation and prescription use, subject to § 882.9.
ISNR supports that it is the ethical responsibility of equipment companies and resellers to only sell neurofeedback equipment and software to licensed professionals within the umbrella of healthcare.
Purchasers of neurofeedback equipment and software should be able to demonstrate competency in providing neurofeedback services as evidenced by, but not limited to, having proper training on the equipment and software by the manufacturer; and neurofeedback specific training by a licensed professional in the use of neurofeedback equipment and software (preferably being mentored by a BCIA Certified clinician familiar with the brand of hardware and software the clinician is using).
Adverse effects can occur with any therapeutic intervention, including relaxation techniques.
Neurofeedback training is considered safe, however, like any health-related procedure, temporary discomforts may occur, such as slight fatigue, irritability, headache, sleep difficulties, or difficulty concentrating after the initial sessions. Furthermore, although it is rare, there is the possibility of allergic reactions to the skin with the use of adhesive sensors. The professional is prepared to deal with any adverse situation that may arise during training.
